People and organizations in the Article V debate

Caucus of pro-convention state legislators formed July 2015 (per CRS); was expected to propose draft convention rules at the ALEC San Diego meeting.

Network of state legislators promoting state-initiated amendments; twice-monthly newsletter (Edition 11 dated Dec 26 2013) produced by Colorado Sen. Kevin Lundberg and New Mexico Rep. Yvette Herrell; official site ArticleVCaucus.com; P.O. Box in Berthoud CO. The newsletter is now published by the NFC as 'Providing Article V / Federalism News and Scholarly Resources Since 2013' and argues the 34-state threshold was met in 1979.

Network of state legislators that publishes a newsletter (edition 11 by Dec 26 2013) and encourages states to adopt Article V convention resolutions. CRS (2017) drew on the newsletter for its application tracking. Its advocacy-organizations page lists Balanced Budget Now!, Bill of Financial Responsibilities Project, Campaign Constitution, Countermand Amendment, Convention of States, Let Us Vote for a Fiscal Responsibility Amendment, Path to Reform, Phoenix Correspondence Commission, U.S. Term Limits and Wolf-Pac. CRS (2017) separately notes a 'Convention of States Caucus' founded by COS in July 2015, a different body.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Bipartisan body of state legislators (many officially appointed by legislative leaders) drafting rules for a future Article V convention. Committees chose one state/one vote and Mason's Manual. Met at Mount Vernon (Dec 2013), Indianapolis (June 12-13 2014, 33 states, 100+ legislators) and Salt Lake City (Nov 11-13 2015, 80+ legislators from ~30 states) where it failed to adopt final rules over vote allocation; next site (Albany or Philadelphia) undecided. Later activity not verified.

Bipartisan body of sitting state legislators, many formally appointed by their chambers, that grew out of the Dec 7 2013 Mount Vernon Assembly. It met in Indianapolis (June 2014), Washington DC (Dec 2014) and Salt Lake City (Nov 2015), and issued suggested Article V convention rules in June 2016; its committees had chosen one state/one vote and Mason's Manual as the base at the June 2014 meeting. Natelson (i2i) later called it 'apparently defunct'.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Randy Barnett's Repeal Amendment would let two-thirds of the states repeal any federal law or regulation (Wikipedia, secondary). His Bill of Federalism (draft published May 13 2009) comes with a model resolution asking Congress to call an Article V convention to propose its amendments. The Bill of Federalism Project was a Tennessee non-profit corporation.

Founded 1989 by the American Legion (as the Citizens' Flag Honor Guard); incorporated June 1994; over 140 member organizations backing a flag-protection amendment.

Standing coalition statement signed by 200+ national and state organizations (NAACP, AFL-CIO, LWVUS, Sierra Club, Brennan Center, CAP, Democracy 21, SEIU, PFAW among them) opposing any Article V convention. Released April 2017; the signer list was updated March 2019.

Common Cause's state-by-state effort to block new applications and pass blanket rescissions. Claims credit for removing 12 states in a decade (DE, MD, NV, NM, CO, NJ, IL, OR, NY, then WA, CT, CA in 2025). Common Cause RI says the org has opposed a convention 'since the 1980s'.

Letter signed by 230 national, state and local organizations urging legislatures to reject convention calls and rescind existing applications; framed around the BBA drive being 'dangerously close' to 34 and the absence of rules limiting a convention.

Coalition of organizations that led ERA ratification efforts with NOW.

JBS says its 'members and allies' have led rescission efforts 'since the late 1980s'; urges rescission in 26 states it counts as having live BBA applications. Maine JBS members lobbied Augusta for rescission in 2011.

Campaign for a BBA convention with three demands: Congress must count existing BBA applications, require ratification by elected state conventions, and refuse to forward any amendment outside the BBA scope. An ALEC model resolution of the same name was finalized Dec 26 2018.

Lobbies Congress to choose ratification by state conventions with elected, pledged delegates for a future fiscal responsibility amendment. Website returned 503 when checked. Its website (Sept 2024 Wayback copy) is copyrighted by Let Us Vote for a Balanced Budget Amendment Citizen's Campaign, Inc., the LUVBBA entity.

Founded 2010 after Citizens United by organizers from WILPF and POCLAD; pushes the 'We the People' Amendment (H.J.Res. 54 in the 116th Congress) through Congress, local resolutions and ballot measures. Wikipedia: 840+ local governments and 22 states passed supporting resolutions (Nov 2023).

Grassroots coalition for the 'We the People Amendment' (H.J.Res. 54 in the 116th Congress) through Congress. Claims (Nov 2023) 840+ local government resolutions, 22 states with passed resolutions or ordinances, and 300+ voter-approved ballot initiatives.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Coalition of advocates supporting various Article V initiatives, listed by Path To Reform with a YouTube channel; no further detail verified.

CSG assembly that in Dec 1962 endorsed the three amendments, including removal of reapportionment from federal judicial jurisdiction. Held in Chicago Dec 6-7, 1962; about 300 "delegates" from 47 states voting by state approved the Article V amendment 37-4 (4 abstaining), apportionment 26-10 (10) and Court of the Union 21-20 (5) after two hours of discussion. The proposals came from the National Legislative Conference's Committee on Federal-State Relations (chair Lloyd W. Lowrey) (Oberst 1964).

About five states applied Feb-Mar 1861 (NJ, KY, IL, IN, OH). Congress instead proposed the Corwin Amendment (Mar 2, 1861), which was not ratified.

The ABA Board of Governors condemned the Article V and Court of the Union proposals on May 21, 1963. In August the House of Delegates amended committee resolutions so the ABA "disapproves and opposes" all three amendments, 136-74 on the apportionment motion, overriding a Committee on Jurisprudence and Law Reform (chair Louis Wyman) recommendation to approve the apportionment amendment (Oberst 1964). Several state and city bars also condemned them.

The ACLU declared its opposition to the three CSG states-rights amendments on May 11, 1963 (Civil Liberties no. 208), per Oberst (1964). Distinct from the existing row for ACLU state affiliates.

About 13 states applied for a convention to propose an anti-polygamy amendment (DE, SD, TN, WA, MT, NE, OH, VT, IL, OR, WI, MI, SC). No organizing group identified in sources opened. The list marks DE, TN, MT, OR and SC as later rescinded; WA rescinded all its prior applications in 2025 (SJM 8008).

NV (1925) and MA, NY, WI, NJ (1931-32) applied for a convention to repeal Prohibition. Congress instead proposed the 21st Amendment (Blaine Act, Feb 20, 1933) for ratification by state conventions, the only amendment so ratified.

First application Nebraska 1893; spurts 1901-05 and 1907-11. Wikipedia: by 1912, 27 states had called for a convention. Senate passed the 17th Amendment June 12, 1911; ratified Apr 8, 1913. The 1907-11 spurt followed an interstate conference at Des Moines (Dec 5-6, 1906), called under an Iowa General Assembly resolution, which formed the Interstate Senatorial Convention to seek convention demands from the 37 legislatures meeting that winter (contemporary newspapers; UW catalog record).

Full-committee hearing. The Compact for a Balanced Budget's administrator described the five-state compact route; Rep. Andy Biggs questioned whether the compact needs congressional consent.

99th Congress hearings on Article V convention procedures. No House procedures bill reached the floor (CRS).

BBA hearing whose witnesses included the leader of the push to compel a convention (FFSF). Chairman Jordan entered Rep. Arrington's Dec 12 2025 letter urging H.Con.Res. 15 into the record.

Hearing that debated the convention route. Common Cause's Stephen Spaulding warned of an unlimited convention and dark money; Heritage's Thomas Jipping described subject-specific applications and the 38-state ratification check; Ranking Member Mary Gay Scanlon called the convention movement an astroturf effort.

Iowa, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin applied in 1943, after FDR's third term, for a convention on presidential tenure; Congress proposed the 22nd Amendment in 1947.

About nine states (MT, AR, UT, CO, SD, WI, OK, NE, TX) applied for a convention on proportional allocation of electoral votes.

Eleven states (12 applications, 1949-1967) applied for a convention on federal revenue sharing with the states; Congress later enacted revenue sharing by statute (1972). Link not established.

State applications for a convention to propose a human life amendment reached 19 of the 34 needed by 1981 (Sager). Indiana was first: SJR 8 was adopted in the first regular session of the 98th General Assembly (1973) and printed in the Congressional Record on Feb 1, 1974 (Rep. Landgrebe's extension of remarks dated Jan 31, 1974), which explains the 1974 date in some sources. The Indiana text proposed state power to regulate abortion, and it would lapse if Congress proposed an identical amendment before June 1, 1975.

CRS (1985): during the 94th-98th Congresses, busing prompted 13 states to apply for a convention. Earlier 'School Management, States' Right' applications by GA, LA, MS and SC (1955-65) are listed separately.

CRS (1985): a movement to allow prayer in public schools produced five convention applications during the 94th-98th Congresses.

Hearings on Ervin's bill to provide procedures for calling Article V conventions, held during the reapportionment application drive. Published by GPO in 1968. Witness list not verified.

Hearing on bills to provide procedures for calling Article V conventions, held as BBA applications approached 30 states. Published GPO 1980. Witness list not verified.

Georgia (Dec 1832) and South Carolina (Dec 1832) applied for a convention to clarify the Tenth Amendment, and Alabama (Jan 1833) sought a tariff limit. The crisis ended with the Compromise Tariff and Force Bill. GA and SC rescinded in 2004.

Voted on June 12, 1963 to denounce the three CSG states-rights amendments (Oberst 1964).

Called by Virginia in Jan 1861; 21 of 26 Union states sent delegates (Feb 4-27, 1861); proposed a 7-section amendment to Congress. Natelson treats it as a 'dry run' for an Article V convention, though it was not an Article V body.

Named as supporter of the National Constitution Center's 2025 Article V Project.

Aggregate of Koch-connected grantmakers (DonorsTrust, Donors Capital Fund, Knowledge and Progress Fund, and others) as tallied by the Center for Media and Democracy.

Business Insider (Aug 1 2022), citing CMD tax-filing research, says COS Action and CSG received money from groups connected to Leonard Leo; specific entities and amounts are not given in the excerpt.

Christian donor-advised fund sponsor (NCF). Its Form 990 Schedule I lists grants to Citizens for Self-Governance (Convention of States Foundation) in 9 of the 12 years 2013-2024. The stated purposes are generic categories, not Article V. The donors who advised the grants are not disclosed. Stance is unknown because a DAF sponsor acts on donor advice.

Grantmaking public charity (files Form 990, not 990-PF). Its Form 990 for the year ending Sept 30 2024 lists a $50,000 grant to Common Cause with the stated purpose of supporting its work on Article V. Common Cause opposes an Article V convention, so the grant funds opposition work. Stance coded from that grant purpose only; no other Article V statement by the foundation was found.

Private foundation. Its 2017 Form 990-PF lists one $100,000 grant to Citizens for Self-Governance with the purpose "PUBLIC POLICY". No other grant to an Article V organization was found in its 2016-2017 or 2020-2024 filings. Stance is unknown because the grant is not tied to Article V in the filing.

Draft suit, signed by Charles J. Cooper, claiming Congress was obliged to call a convention because the two-thirds threshold was met in 1979, and that rescissions cannot undo applications ('once the Article V bell has been rung, it cannot be unrung'). FFSF met the Utah AG's office (2023) and planned a meeting with Texas AG Ken Paxton; Alaska is listed on the draft complaint but its AG would not confirm; West Virginia introduced a resolution to commence federal court action; Arizona and South Carolina lawmakers sought participation. As of the March 2025 ProPublica report, Walker said he hoped states would announce their intent to sue within two months and file shortly after.

Pro se plaintiff Montgomery Blair Sibley sought mandamus compelling Majority Leader McConnell and Speaker Boehner to call a convention, claiming 35 states had applied. Judge Boasberg remanded to D.C. Superior Court for lack of Article III standing (generalized grievance) on Oct 13 2015.

Limited record: this person is listed by public role only. Description, position code and funding details are not shown.

Limited record: this person is listed by public role only. Description, position code and funding details are not shown.

Limited record: this person is listed by public role only. Description, position code and funding details are not shown.

Limited record: this person is listed by public role only. Description, position code and funding details are not shown.

Limited record: this person is listed by public role only. Description, position code and funding details are not shown.

Limited record: this person is listed by public role only. Description, position code and funding details are not shown.

Limited record: this person is listed by public role only. Description, position code and funding details are not shown.

Limited record: this person is listed by public role only. Description, position code and funding details are not shown.

Limited record: this person is listed by public role only. Description, position code and funding details are not shown.

Morgan (1998) says the Carter administration and congressional Democrats stalled the drive at 30 states. CRS (R42592) reports that the counter-convention group Citizens for the Constitution described the NTU effort as a stealth campaign, and quotes Mondale's chief of staff: 'They were remarkably successful until it became known what they were doing.'

Nine-member committee appointed by NLC chairman W. Stuart Helm after the Phoenix meeting (Sept. 1962); drafted the three amendments (amending Article V, Court of the Union, apportionment) and the plan for every legislature to pass three uniform convention applications on Jan. 16, 1963. Its report went to the 16th Biennial General Assembly of the States, Chicago, Dec. 6-7, 1962, which approved the proposals 37-4, 26-10 and 21-20 (Oberst 1964). Oberst notes the Speakers of TX, MO, IL and FL and Assemblyman Hauser of NJ had sat on the committee, and those states acted early.

Commission established Jan 2015 under the interstate Compact for a Balanced Budget (five member states per CRS 2017; named in Dranias's July 27 2017 House Judiciary testimony as AK, AZ, GA, MS, ND). Its compact administrator, Nick Dranias, testified to House Judiciary July 27 2017. Congressional consent sought via H.Con.Res. 26 (114th) and H.Con.Res. 73 (115th); not given.

Commission of member states established Jan 2015 under the Compact for a Balanced Budget.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Main official analyses of the convention route: IB80062 (1985); R42592 (2012) and R42589 (Thomas Neale, 2016); R44435 (Neale, Nov 15 2017; tracked claimed counts by campaign and the House Clerk list); R48466 (Hudiburg, Mar 20 2025; House rule change).

Feb 1952 joint committee print 'Constitutional Limitation on Federal Income, Estate, and Gift Tax Rates' (82d Cong.) analyzed the 14-year drive: began 1938; first application Wyoming 1939; 25-plus claimed, 'probably no more than 15' in force after rescissions and form defects.

Holds Article V applications in scattered collections; there is no central repository (CRS). Wikipedia reports a Mar 12 2007 National Archives letter to Sen. Bernie Sanders on the subject (contents not verified). H.R. 1742 (115th) and H.R. 8419 (117th) would have made NARA or the Archivist compile and count applications; neither was enacted. The Archivist's statutory Article V role is certifying ratified amendments (1 U.S.C. 106b).

Created as the Phoenix Correspondence Commission (PCC) by the 2017 Phoenix convention to liaise with Congress, track applications, propose a time and place for a convention, and arrange legal representation; renamed NFC in 2025. Up to 100 delegates (one per legislative chamber; two from Nebraska). Federal Fiscal Sustainability Foundation chair David Walker testified that NFC began working with House Judiciary in early 2025 to update application records. The NFC separately says it reached an agreement with the Committee; no signed agreement was located in this audit. Its Sept. 17, 2025 analysis claims 34+ fiscal-plus-plenary applications were active 1979-2004 and again 2016-2017. Status as a government body rests on its own description.

The NFC Who's Who roster (fetched 2026-10-03) lists 60 named state delegates from 37 states, plus one Utah seat marked 'TBD'. It says 'Additional delegates are in process.' Its 'Be an NFC Delegate' page says a delegate need not be a sitting legislator. Its funding page says it is 'funded by the States' and points donors to Citizens Voice, a 501(c)(3). Full roster in expand2_official_notes.md.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Posts Judiciary-designated Article V applications and rescissions, 1960 onward, by year and state. CRS (Nov 2017) counted 134 applications from 46 states and 21 rescissions from 20 states. As of fetch 2026-10-03 the newest entries were OK 2023 and TN 2024; 2025-26 rescissions (CA, CT, WA, MA) and KS and AZ applications do not appear. H.Con.Res. 15 would assign the Clerk a 60-day certification role.

Separate order adopted Jan 6 2015 and codified as a standing rule in the 119th Congress (Jan 3 2025): the Judiciary chair shall designate Article V application and rescission memorials from the 114th Congress on (and may designate earlier ones); the Clerk posts them by state and year, marked as application or rescission. Designation is for public availability; the Clerk's list describes each memorial as one that 'purports to be an application.'

Applications are laid before the Senate as petitions or memorials, given POM numbers, printed in the Congressional Record and referred to Judiciary.

Signer of 2017 national letter; opposes the balanced budget amendment on fiscal grounds (2018 letter on H.J.Res. 2 citing CBPP). State federations (AK, CO, ID, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MT, NH, ND, OK, SC, SD, VA, WA, WI, WY, MD-DC) signed the 2017 and 2017-MD letters.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Report 'Amendment of the Constitution by the Convention Method Under Article V' (1974): Congress's duty to call is mandatory; limited conventions are permissible; rescission allowed before the threshold; delegates apportioned one person, one vote; governors have no role; endorsed S. 1272 with amendments.

Produced Amendment of the Constitution by the Convention Method Under Article V (1974): concluded a convention could be limited, Congress could legislate procedures, the duty to call is mandatory once the threshold is validly met, and delegates must be apportioned one person, one vote.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

ACLU affiliates testify against convention applications on the ground that a convention could be co-opted and endanger the Bill of Rights; documented in MA (2018, 2025), MD (2018), WV (2018), MO (2021), ME (2024).

Publishes opposition scholarship (Super's A Dangerous Adventure, 2021) and hosts programs such as Weaponizing Article V: An Emerging Threat to our Constitution; its president Russ Feingold co-wrote The Constitution in Jeopardy (2022).

Runs an Article V project opposing convention efforts as a 'radical effort' by 'factions of the far Right'; published Super's 2021 policy brief and Feingold & Prindiville's 2022 book; held speaking tours in NH, MA, CA, IL, PA and other states.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Signer of 2017 national letter; councils and locals in AZ, IA, MD, MA, NV, WI signed state letters. 2014 convention resolution opposes a balanced budget amendment.

ALEC task force on federalism; ALEC maintains Article V model policies: Application for a Convention of the States; Compact for America Balanced Budget Amendment; Resolution for a Federal Balanced Budget Amendment; a model on rules of procedure for an Article V convention (Jan 2016); publishes an Article V handbook for state lawmakers. ALEC reaffirmed support for Article V initiatives in a Feb 11 2016 letter-related post addressed to House Judiciary Chairman Goodlatte.

Cross-partisan campaign for the For Our Freedom Amendment (campaign-spending limits), pursued through Congress and state ratification rather than a convention. Claims 25 states are 'ready-to-ratify'.

Founded 2016 by Jeff Clements to win the For Our Freedom Amendment; uses state resolutions urging Congress to propose it (25 states listed by Wikipedia) plus federal lobbying, not an Article V convention.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Listed by the 1952 joint committee print among advocates of the 25% limit: its Tax Information Series covered the amendment; published 'Why the 25 Percent Limit on Federal Taxes' (1944) and reprinted D. E. Casey's 'Federal Taxing Power must be Limited.'

Created the FairTax plan (first introduced in Congress July 14, 1999), which would need repeal of the 16th Amendment. No Article V convention activity found.

Group with roots in Occupy Wall Street (2011-12) educating Americans on reasons for an Article V convention ('may the best amendments win'). The site returned an empty page when checked.

[HLS program 2026-10-03] National advocacy organization for citizens' assemblies (democracy by lottery). Co-founded by Nicholas Coccoma, who appeared on the 'Imagining an Article V Convention in 2030' panel. Its published plan calls for coordinated campaigns for an Article V convention whose delegates are randomly selected citizens, aiming at a national "People's Convention" by 2030.

Leading repeal organization (est. 1918, incorporated Dec 31, 1920); disbanded Dec 5, 1933 after ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment. Wikipedia does not describe a convention-application strategy.

Palm City FL lobbying group, formed Aug 2010 as a 501(c)(4) (EIN 27-1351108 per Wikipedia), seeking an Article V convention limited to a balanced budget amendment. Counts 1970s-80s 'legacy' applications toward its total of 27-28 (CRS 2017: 28). Its 2014 coalition list included Americans for Tax Reform, NTU, the National Tax-Limitation Committee, Citizens Against Government Waste, I Am American, The Jeffersonian Project and The Reagan Project. Website returned an error (522) when checked.

501(c)(3) (EIN 20-3302521, Vienna VA; ProPublica's NTEE code says medical research, which appears to be a legacy misclassification). The csnds.org domain now carries the name Balanced Budget Now!. Says South Carolina was the 28th BBA convention call. Its stated aim is 33 states, enough to pressure Congress into proposing a BBA rather than to hold a convention; Enns testified (ND, 2021) that 'the primary purpose of this campaign is NOT to call a convention.' Calls Gov. Ron DeSantis the national leader of the BBA movement.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Citizen initiative seeking a package of financial-management amendments (federal accounting, spending, taxation, Medicare and Social Security). Listed among Article V advocates; posts pro-convention essays (e.g., 'Don't Run Away Because You Fear A Runaway', May 2026).

Ron Paul-founded group; 2018 alerts urged members to oppose 'the con' in NH, IL, PA, MS, MN, SD and KS; calls a convention 'disastrous'.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Fiscal-policy think tank; submits testimony against convention calls (Kansas 2018, 2019) and published Leachman & Super, 'States Likely Could Not Control Constitutional Convention on Balanced Budget Amendment' (July 2014). Signer of 2017 national letter.

Founded 2008 by Lawrence Lessig and Joe Trippi; renamed Fix Congress First, then Rootstrikers (became a United Republic project Nov 2011). Co-hosted the Sept 24-25 2011 Harvard Conference on the Constitutional Convention with Tea Party Patriots.

Co-founded by Lawrence Lessig and Joe Trippi to advance an Article V convention agenda.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Small advocacy group whose president files written testimony against COS and USTL applications and delegate bills across states (PA 2018, KS 2022, 2023). Also Ohio 2025-26 (HB 67, HJR 2, SB 112, SJR 3, SJR 6).

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter and MD 2017 letter.

Published 'A Proposed Amendment to the Constitution: 25 percent Tax Rate Limitation... Its Pros and Cons' (Research Report No. 2-403, 1945), which the 1952 print lists under both advocacy and opposition works.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter and MD 2017 letter.

Founded 1937 against FDR's court-packing plan; Rep. Wright Patman named it as sponsor of the drive to have state legislatures apply for a convention to cap federal income, estate and gift taxes at 25%. Published Robert B. Dresser's 1943 brief and his rebuttal to Treasury, and Spotlight No. 52 (1950). Pioneered direct mail. Made the 25% amendment its "number one goal" by the late 1940s; mailed Dresser's material to 600,000 "leadership individuals"; 16 states by Feb 1944, 25 by 1952, 29 by 1953; NAM, ABA, American Legion and U.S. Chamber endorsed by 1953; the drive "fell two states shy" (McPhee-Browne 2024, J. Policy Hist. 36).

Committee named in 1965-66 archival records alongside the Dirksen reapportionment amendment and 'one man, one vote.' Its role in the state-application drive is not documented in sources opened.

Lead national opponent from the center-left/nonpartisan side; organizes coalition letters, testimony and rescission campaigns through state chapters. Says it has opposed a convention since the 1980s and opposed even a Citizens United convention call in RI (2016).

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter and MD 2017 letter.

Houston 501(c)(3) (EIN 46-5469141, exempt Oct 2014) promoting the Compact for a Balanced Budget: an interstate compact that pre-commits member states to an application, delegates, a convention and ratification of a specific BBA (state approval for federal debt increases). CRS (2017) listed 5 applicant states (AZ, AR, GA, MS, ND). Former president Nick Dranias was previously the Goldwater Institute's constitutional policy director. FOAVC opposes the compact as an untested evasion of Article V's supermajorities.

State affiliates testified against COS calls: CWA of Missouri and Alissa Johnson against MO HCR 17 (2021); CWA of South Dakota state director Linda Schauer urged PA to reject calls (2018), noting SD defeats. No national position statement found.

Platform opposes 'any attempt to call for a Constitutional convention, for any purpose whatsoever'.

501(c)(4) lobbying arm (EIN 47-2245708, Houston TX) running the Convention of States Project state legislative campaign; volunteer teams in all 50 states. Meckler testified in Jan 2025 that 19 states had passed COS-type applications.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter; president Fred Wertheimer said a convention 'would wreak havoc in the country'.

Founded 1972 by Phyllis Schlafly (Alton IL / Washington DC). Opposes Article V convention applications, including COS and BBA calls (state alerts such as 'Ask SC Governor to VETO all Article V’s', 2022); its con-con page lists opposition articles from 1984. A 2025 Tamny op-ed urged it to back the USTL term-limits call.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter and MD 2017 letter.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

With The Yellow Roses, filed a 2020 Massachusetts lawsuit seeking Archivist certification of the ERA.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Christian group; petition 'Tell state legislatures: The Convention of States is a Christian-nationalist threat to our freedom' (posted Nov 17, 2023).

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Founded Feb 2007 as the 'first national non-partisan organization' seeking a convention call; it backs no particular amendment. Compiled photographic copies of state applications from the Congressional Record (cited by CRS as 700+ applications from 49 states). Holds that all applications stay valid indefinitely and rescissions are void, and claims the 34-state threshold has been met 'no less than 11 times'. Opposes the COS and Compact for America models as legislature-centric.

Self-described oldest nonpartisan national group for an Article V convention. Argues Congress is already obligated to call one (claims the threshold has been met at least 11 times). Compiles applications; investigated COS and Compact for America finances. Site last updated Aug 9 2020. CRS R42592 (2012) cites its count of 743 applications (697 filed 1900-1999).

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Sept 2021 PA alert 'Just Say No to a Constitutional Convention' opposing SR 152 and SR 67, warning a convention could 'erase the Second Amendment'.

Grassroots group that the Article V Caucus newsletter (Dec 2013) credited with building citizen support for Ohio's Nov 2013 BBA application. Planned work in SD, ID, SC, OK, TN, FL, LA and AZ.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Interstate conference of governor-appointed delegates held at Des Moines, Dec. 5-6, 1906, under an Iowa General Assembly resolution authorizing the governor to invite other governors to appoint delegates, so as to result in the calling of a constitutional convention for direct election of senators (UW catalog record of the printed call). The conference made itself a permanent body, "the interstate senatorial convention," to secure from the 37 legislatures meeting that winter demands on Congress for a convention. Contemporary reports say it preferred congressional proposal and would dissolve if Congress submitted the amendment; otherwise the convention movement would be "prosecuted vigorously." The Evening Star (Dec. 2, 1906) listed delegates appointed from 30 states. Sources are contemporary newspapers (Chronicling America).

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

A February 1964 League of Women Voters of Hawaii newsletter says state leagues had been authorized to 'oppose moves by their legislatures toward tax-limitation in the federal Constitution', at a time when advocates pushed state convention resolutions for a package to repeal the income tax, ban federal business enterprises, and bar agreements abrogating those terms.

National position adopted January 2016 supports a convention only if six conditions are met: open proceedings, delegates elected and apportioned by population, individual voting, single-topic limit, counting applications by topic, and honoring rescissions. In practice it opposes pending calls and backs rescissions (signer of 2017 national letter and MD letter).

501(c)(3) promoting the Regulation Freedom Amendment (one quarter of either house could force a congressional vote on a major regulation) and the Keep Nine amendment (nine Supreme Court seats). Works mainly at the state level and favors Article V conventions; the RNC passed a resolution backing the Regulation Freedom Amendment.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

A 2015 pro-COS letter says NAGR ran a campaign calling Article V 'snake oil'.

Compiled data on 330 Human Life Amendment proposals in Congress, 1973-2003. Its role in the state convention applications is not documented in sources opened.

No formal NCSL position on an Article V convention was located. A Feb 1, 1995 Christian Science Monitor report says NCSL called for language in the proposed balanced budget amendment to protect states from unfunded mandates and other cost shifts. (The state-lawmaker survey in that article was an Associated Press survey, not an NCSL survey.)

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter and MD 2017 letter.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter and MD 2017 letter.

Endorsed the ERA in 1967 and campaigned for its ratification, including national marches in 1978 and 1982. The ERA used congressional proposal and state ratification, not an Article V convention.

Published the 1944 pamphlet '17 States Say-Repeal the Income Tax Amendment; Limit U.S. Taxes to 25 percent', which the 1952 joint committee print lists among articles advocating tax limitation.

Formally incorporated in May 1973 in response to Roe v. Wade (Wikipedia, secondary). Sager (1981) lists NRLC, Catholic and Southern Baptist groups, the Republican Party and the Moral Majority among the forces behind the amendment, whose convention drive had reached 19 of 34 states.

Founded 1975 by Lewis Uhler and William F. Rickenbacker from Uhler's work for Gov. Reagan; Milton Friedman took an active part in its spending-limit amendment effort; the amendment was introduced in Congress in 1979. By 1981 it had nearly 600,000 contributors. Primary route was congressional proposal.

Listed in the Balanced Budget Amendment Task Force coalition (Mar 2014 email to Utah legislators).

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter and MD 2017 letter.

Published Changing the way we change: Is reforming the constitutional amendment process the key to restoring federalism?, discussing Rappaport's proposal for state-proposed amendments.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter and MD 2017 letter.

501(c)(4) formed by Trump-supporting Eagle Forum board members after 2016 split. Testifies against convention calls and for blanket rescissions (MO 2021, ND 2023, SD 2025).

Put direct election of senators in its 1892 Omaha Platform.

Founded 2012; pursues state and local anti-corruption laws modeled on the American Anti-Corruption Act (drafted by Trevor Potter), not a constitutional amendment. No Article V position found.

May 8, 2017 piece by Adam Dick: Article V sets no limit on convention scope; cites Texas COS-type application.

Lessig co-founded Rootstrikers, which grew out of his Change Congress project; in November 2011 it joined Get Money Out under the United Republic umbrella. The cited page credits Lessig himself, not Rootstrikers, with calling for an Article V convention and supporting Wolf-PAC.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter and MD 2017 letter (with SEIU 1199, 32BJ, Local 500).

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter; Massachusetts chapter co-led 2018 MA letter; Missouri chapter testified against MO HCR 17 (2021).

Campaign for an amendment requiring single-subject federal bills; registered with the FEC on Mar 14 2013 and since administratively terminated. Florida filed an Article V application for this subject in 2014.

527/Super PAC registered Mar 14 2013 promoting an amendment limiting each bill in Congress to one subject, by convention or by Congress (backed H.J.Res. 25, 2017). Florida applied in Apr 2014.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter; SiX Action signed MD 2017 letter.

Phyllis Schlafly's campaign against ERA ratification, founded in fall 1972; the John Birch Society also worked to stop the ERA. Eagle Forum and the John Birch Society are now among organizations opposed to an Article V convention.

Nullification-focused group; no formal Article V position found. Its site publishes Rob Natelson's convention history (Oct 2025).

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter and MD 2017 letter.

501(c)(4) (EIN 52-1701352, Bala Cynwyd PA; exempt June 1991). Launched the 'Term Limits Convention' in 2015-2016, a single-subject Article V application for congressional term limits (3 House terms, 2 Senate terms). Wikipedia lists 13 states: FL, AL, MO, WV, WI, OK, TN, LA, NC, SD, IN, SC, AZ. Also collects pledges from candidates; Rep. Ralph Norman and Sen. Ted Cruz sponsor its amendment in Congress.

Founded 1992. In the early 1990s, its campaigns placed term limits on the congressional delegations of 23 states (struck down in U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton, 1995). Now runs a single-subject Article V convention campaign for congressional term limits: 13 legislatures (FL, AL, MO, WV, WI, OK, TN, LA, NC, SD, IN, SC, AZ) per Wikipedia.

Arizona Request to Speak: lobbyist Luis Acosta registered "For" HCR 2041 for US Term Limits (House Judiciary, Jan 29, 2025); Constantin Querard registered and was heard for US Term Limits on HCR 2041 (2025) and SCR 1011 (2026). Alaska: Querard gave invited testimony for HJR 22 (Feb 21, 2026).

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

501(c)(3) sister foundation (EIN 52-1729739, Washington DC).

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Founded Feb 23, 1947 at Asheville, NC. Opposed the Bricker Amendment. Alan Cranston, UWF president 1949-1952, pushed the California legislature to pass the 1949 World Federalist California Resolution; California was one of six states that applied in 1949 for a convention on U.S. participation in a world federal government (Wikipedia, secondary). Links to the other 1949 applications not established.

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of MD 2017 rescission letter.

Provided legal support for the AAPA and urged the ABA to call for repeal (1928); dissolved when Prohibition ended in 1933. A separate group of the same name was incorporated in 1996 on drug policy. It drafted model legislation for the state conventions that ratified the 21st Amendment; twelve states adopted the draft unchanged.

[HLS program 2026-10-03] Named in Walker's program bio, which prints 'President of We the People' (verified at full resolution). Not the same name as the conference ('V the People'); any relationship is unverified. Distinct from Bob Schulz's We the People Foundation for Constitutional Education (anti-convention). Mission and stance not stated in the program.

Founded May 1929 by Pauline Sabin; nearly 1.5 million members within two years; campaigned for repeal and dissolved immediately after the 21st Amendment was ratified (Dec 1933).

Coalition signer opposing Article V convention calls and urging rescission. Signer of 2017 national letter.

Constitutional Choices: The Ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment through State Conventions (SSRN 2014).

First inaugural address (Mar 4, 1861): 'to me the convention mode seems preferable, in that it allows amendments to originate with the people themselves'. KY, NJ and IL applied for a convention in 1861.

Philadelphia Revisited: Amending the Constitution Outside Article V, 55 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1043 (1988); The Consent of the Governed: Constitutional Amendment Outside Article V, 94 Colum. L. Rev. 457 (1994): argues a national popular majority may amend outside Article V.

Filed opponent testimony on Ohio SJR 3 (136th GA, Convention of States application) at the June 17, 2025 Senate General Government hearing, listed as "Ambassador Alan Keyes", organization "American Republic Policy". His written testimony, signed as President of American Republic Policy, urges the committee "to reject SJR 3" and warns a convention could not be restrained or limited to specific topics.

Listed on the U.S. Term Limits board on termlimits.com.

Listed on the NFC Board of Scholars page (fetched 2026-10-03): Associate Professor of Political Science and History, Utah Valley University. The NFC says its scholars 'come from across the political spectrum'. Listing alone is not evidence of stance.

Listed by Wikipedia as a member of Citizens for Self-Governance's Legal Board of Reference. Former federal prosecutor and commentator.

Testified against PA SR133/SR134 for Pennsylvania Eagle Forum (Oct 2018), for ND SCR 4012 blanket rescission (2023), and against SD SJR 502 (2025).

A transaction cost theory of constitutional change, 22 J. Institutional Econ. e35 (2026).

[expand2 scholarship] Ackerman's Majoritarianism versus Buchanan's Generality: A Comparative Analysis and Implications for Article V (SSRN 5060026, 2025; SSRN affiliation Texas Tech University, Rawls College of Business, per OpenAlex). Compares Ackerman and Buchanan on constitutional change and, per its title, draws implications for Article V. OpenAlex/Crossref metadata only; SSRN page blocked.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Quoted in 2017 coalition letter (2014): 'I certainly would not want a constitutional convention. Whoa! Who knows what would come out of it?'; Andy Schlafly testimony says Scalia called it a 'horrible idea'.

At the May 23, 1979 AEI forum he said Article V should be read to allow a limited call and that runaway risk was minimal because three-fourths of states must ratify. In 2014 he said, 'I certainly would not want a constitutional convention. Whoa! Who knows what would come out of it?'

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Second Generation Fiscal Rules, the Swiss Debt Brake, and a US Constitution Article V Amendment Convention, 45 Pub. Budgeting & Fin. 152 (2025). Abstract argues "we must enact more effective fiscal rules" but does not state a position on the convention; full text not reviewed, so stance left unknown. Crossref DOI metadata record (fetched); publisher/SSRN page blocked (HTTP 403/Cloudflare) and not loaded.

Praised Gov. Greg Abbott's January 2016 Convention of States call (Breitbart, Jan. 8, 2016), as quoted by the Texas Governor's office: Abbott 'provided a glimmer of hope for constitutional conservatives.'

Former journalist; filed the first federal lawsuit over Congress's duty to call a convention; in Oct 2016 forwarded the COS simulated convention's proposals to Congress. Died March 2020.

FOAVC co-founder; promotes the claim that Congress must call a convention from existing applications.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Listed on the U.S. Term Limits board on termlimits.com.

With John R. Vile, The Relevance of Constitutional Amendments: A Response to David Strauss, 77 Tul. L. Rev. (2002).

Wild Political Dreaming: Historical Context, Popular Sovereignty, and Supermajority Rules, 2 U. Pa. J. Const. L. (2000).

We the People, vol. 1: Foundations (1991) and later volumes: constitutional moments change the Constitution outside the Article V text.

Former Idaho governor.

Political candidate and media producer.

Listed by Wikipedia as a member of Citizens for Self-Governance's Legal Board of Reference. Former White House counsel.

Founded Wolf-PAC on Oct. 19, 2011 at Zuccotti Park to pursue a campaign-finance (anti-Citizens United) amendment through a state-called Article V convention; Wolf-PAC calls passed in VT and CA (2014), IL (2014), NJ (2015) and RI (2016).

In an April 4, 2017 video, criticized Common Cause for using paid lobbyists against Wolf-PAC volunteers, citing its lobbying of the New Mexico House against SJR12.

Founded Wolf-PAC in 2011 to pursue a campaign finance amendment through an Article V convention. (All per Wikipedia, secondary.)

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Former SC GOP chair; also SC consultant for the BBA campaign (2019-present).

USTL regional director (2024 990).

[Lobbyist registries, checked 2026-10-03] [OH] Listed agent on U.S. Term Limits Ohio legislative activity reports (2022-2026); 2025-26 reports list "HJR 3 Apply for Convention of the States re: term limits" and SJR 6; 2023 reports list SJR 1. [CO] Colorado registry: "Chamblee, Charles L", client U.S. Term Limits, begin 2026-01-13, Active. [NE] Registered for U.S. Term Limits (109th Legislature); "support" on LR21, an application for a convention on congressional term limits. [IN] ILRC lobbyist rosters (2022, 2023): lobbyist for U.S. Term Limits. [GA] Georgia lobbyist group registration: registry name "Charles Leslie Chamblee"; registered 3/13/2019-4/16/2019 and 2/27/2023-3/27/2023; purpose "TERM LIMITS ON CONGRESS, HR-257". Registries also list him as "Les Chamblee" and "Charles Leslie Chamblee".

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Listed by Wikipedia as a member of Citizens for Self-Governance's Legal Board of Reference. Appellate litigator (Cooper & Kirk).

Washington lawyer who signed FFSF's draft complaint to compel a convention call.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Early leading proponent of the view that a convention cannot be limited and that limited applications are invalid (Natelson: other writers 'followed Black's lead'). Key works: The Proposed Amendment of Article V: A Threatened Disaster, 72 Yale L.J. 957 (1963) (against the Council of State Governments' proposed amendments); Amending the Constitution: A Letter to a Congressman, 82 Yale L.J. 189 (1972) (attacking a pro-convention congressional bill).

Wrote 'The Proposed Amendment of Article V: A Threatened Disaster,' 72 Yale L.J. 957 (1963), against the CSG amendments moving 'down the never before used alternative route of article V', and a 1972 article urging legal obstruction of a convention.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Should We Fear a 'Runaway Convention'?: Lessons from State Constitutional Conventions (SSRN 2626158, 2015). Abstract: "This paper assesses the fear that a national United States constitutional convention held pursuant to Article V of the U.S. Constitution would be a 'runaway convention'" by analyzing recent state conventions. Conclusion not in the retrieved abstract text. Crossref DOI metadata record (fetched); publisher/SSRN page blocked (HTTP 403/Cloudflare) and not loaded.

Listed on the U.S. Term Limits board on termlimits.com.

Limited record: this person is listed by public role only. Description, position code and funding details are not shown.

JBS writer and speaker on Article V; profiled presenting the JBS case against a convention (2023).

Listed under "Appearances Against" for the John Birch Society at the Wisconsin Senate hearing on SJR 8 (Convention of States), Mar 24, 2021. A "Christian Gomez" (no affiliation listed) also appeared against Wisconsin AJR 21/SJR 18 on Mar 28, 2017.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Wikipedia names him as Wolf-PAC's first national director.

Political consultant (founder, Grassroots Partners LLC) who has worked on Article V term-limits and BBA efforts.

Testified for U.S. Term Limits in support of Idaho HCR 9 and HCR 10 (Feb 17, 2025).

Gave invited testimony as U.S. Term Limits Regional Director in support of Alaska HJR 22 (House State Affairs, Feb 21, 2026). Registered "For" for US Term Limits and was heard on Arizona HCR 2041 (Senate RAGE, Mar 19, 2025) and SCR 1011 (Senate RAGE, Feb 4, 2026); registered "For" HCR 2043 (House Judiciary, Jan 28, 2026). Spoke in favor of Utah SJR 13 (Feb 27, 2025) as Western Region Director, US Term Limits, and assisted Sen. Stevenson in presenting Utah SJR 4 (Jan 23, 2026) as Western Regional Director, U.S. Term Limits; both are joint resolutions concerning federal term limits.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Structural Analysis of Article V: The Constitutionality of a Limited Convention to Propose Amendments, 22 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 291 (2019) (student comment). Argues from Article V's text, structure and drafting history that a convention of states limited in scope is constitutional; notes "The convention method of proposing amendments has been all but rendered nugatory." A legal analysis of limitation, not a call to hold a convention.

The Irrelevance of Constitutional Amendments, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 1457 (2001): formal amendments mostly ratify changes already made by other means.

A Dangerous Adventure: No Safeguards Would Protect Basic Liberties from an Article V Convention (American Constitution Society issue brief, 2021): once convened a convention could pursue any agenda it chose.

Written testimony in Kansas (2018) calling COS's 'not a constitutional convention' claim 'absurd'; ACS brief 'A Dangerous Adventure' (Oct 2021); essay 'No Safe Path Exists to an Article V Convention' attached to RI 2026 testimony.

[HLS program 2026-10-03] Panel III (The Case Against). Panel III. Has frequently spoken and written in opposition to an Article V convention, including an Intelligence Squared debate, an NCC appearance, and testimony before the legislatures of AK, HI, ME, NJ, SC, WV and other states. Former General Counsel of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

With Thomas P. Schmidt, The Puzzles and Possibilities of Article V, 121 Colum. L. Rev. 2317 (2021). Thesis: "Neither the language nor the law of Article V supplies a determinate answer to a long list of fundamental puzzles about the amendment process." Includes a section titled "An Article V Convention?" and lists open questions such as "May a state rescind an application once submitted?"

Author of the 1906 exposé of Senate corruption that fueled the direct-election movement.

Chair of FFSF, which drafted a lawsuit to compel Congress to call a fiscal convention (counting applications back to 1789 and treating rescissions as void) and shopped it to more than a dozen state AGs and legislatures. Co-authored the Sept 2025 Hill op-ed with Arrington and NFC's Lee; testified at the Dec 3 2025 House Judiciary BBA hearing.

[HLS program 2026-10-03] Grassroots session; Panel II. Grassroots session and Panel II. Comptroller General and CEO of GAO 1998-2008; Public Trustee for Social Security and Medicare 1990-95; non-practicing CPA.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

With A.C. Pritchard, Rewriting the Constitution: An Economic Analysis of the Constitutional Amendment Process, 62 Fordham L. Rev. 111 (1993).

Listed on the NFC Board of Scholars page (fetched 2026-10-03): Professor of Law, Antonin Scalia Law School, George Mason University; Executive Director of its Law & Economics Center. The NFC says its scholars 'come from across the political spectrum'. Listing alone is not evidence of stance.

Toward a Theory of Constitutional Amendment, 88 Am. Pol. Sci. Rev. 355 (1994); reprinted in Levinson ed., Responding to Imperfection (1995): links the difficulty of an amendment process, constitutional length and amendment rates across U.S. state and 32 national constitutions.

Amending the Constitution: Is This Any Way to Call for a Constitutional Convention?, 22 Ariz. L. Rev. (no. 4, 1980); cited by CRS on state rescission.

Submitted written testimony opposing Missouri HCR 36 (General Laws Committee, Mar 8, 2021) as president of Phyllis Schlafly Eagles, urging a 'NO' vote on an Article V convention application.

Former North Dakota governor and U.S. Agriculture Secretary.

Ran the Committee for Constitutional Government; named by Patman as a promoter of the 25% amendment; twice indicted for contempt of Congress (acquitted 1946; cleared by the Supreme Court 1953).

Told the Boston Globe (Dec 16, 2024; article originally in The New York Times) that Democrats' concerns about a convention are "very legitimate" but that one is unlikely: "The fact that we haven't had one since 1787 leads me to believe it's unlikely to happen."

Executive Vice President of the Chicago-based Western Tax Council (1950), which lobbied state legislatures for the 25% federal tax-limit amendment via Article V. Chicago lawyer (senior partner, Packard and Evans). Published the same argument in at least three 1952 law reviews (56 Dick. L. Rev. 158; 2 Cath. U. L. Rev. 75; 35 Marq. L. Rev. 229) and 'Taxation Without Limitation: Twentieth Century Tyranny,' 61 Dick. L. Rev. 189 (1957), contending that the 26 tax-limit applications, aggregated with older applications, made a convention call mandatory.

Quoted as president of Democracy 21 in a 2017 coalition release urging rescission of convention applications: 'A constitutional convention would wreak havoc in the country.'

Former Utah governor (2009-2021).

Estimating the Cost of an Article V Convention: State Constitutional Conventions in the 1960s and 1970s (SSRN 2697182, 2015). Only title, author and affiliation could be confirmed; no abstract retrieved, so no thesis is stated here. Affiliation with a pro-compact group is not stance evidence. Crossref DOI metadata record (fetched); publisher/SSRN page blocked (HTTP 403/Cloudflare) and not loaded.

Former Virginia governor and U.S. Senator.

Political scientist whose "scholarly work on the Senate contributed greatly to passage of the amendment," per the Senate Historical Office. CRS cites his The Senate of the United States (1938) for the history of the 17th Amendment.

The Convention Method of Amending the United States Constitution, 14 Ga. L. Rev. 1 (1979) (Sibley Lecture) and a 1979 A.B.A. Journal piece (65 A.B.A.J. 1046). At the 1979 AEI forum he called a subject limit a moral exhortation, not legally binding, but said he had no constitutional objection if states proceed knowing the runaway risk. 1927-2002. At the AEI forum he called the BBA convention process "undeliberate constitution making that would make James Madison turn over in his grave."

Author of Report: Article V Constitutional Conventions (National Constitution Center Article V Project, 2025) on founding design and state petitions 1789-present; notes petitions were not identically worded and that 1787 can be cited for a convention's power to propose anything.

Promoted Convention of States Action for more than a decade. In a Sept. 15, 2022 radio broadcast he withdrew support, saying he did not want to open the Constitution to a convention. The quoted withdrawal ("I withdraw my support") is transcribed by PJ Media (Sept. 16, 2022, secondary). The official Glenn Beck Program feed hosts the 9/15/22 show, but its description does not mention the convention. The 9/19/22 episode description says Glenn and Stu discussed where they stand on COS. The statement has not been verified against the broadcast audio.

Ran a self-financed letter-writing campaign to state officials from 1982 to ratify the dormant 1789 congressional pay amendment; ratified May 7, 1992 as the 27th Amendment. Not a convention campaign.

Named by Natelson as a Second Wave author (the wave began in 1979); Natelson says most Second Wave writers, Paulsen excepted, concluded an Article V gathering could be limited. Rees's own work was not verified here.

We the People[s], Original Understanding, and Constitutional Amendment, 96 Colum. L. Rev. 121 (1996): rebuts Amar and defends Article V exclusivity.

Chair of USTL and the USTL Foundation on their 2024 Forms 990 (unpaid). The USTL website now lists Marshall Stocker as board chair.

Outgoing president who recommended an explanatory constitutional amendment on slavery, stating that it could originate with Congress or state legislatures and that two-thirds of state legislatures could apply for a convention for that object.

The Other Way to Amend the Constitution: The Article V Constitutional Convention Amendment Process, 30 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 1005 (2007); counted almost 400 applications as of 1993 and synthesized Caplan, Van Sickle & Boughey and Connely.

Amending the Amendment Procedures of Article V, 13 Duke J. Const. L. & Pub. Pol'y 115 (2018) (symposium inviting specific amendment proposals). Per the abstract in its OpenAlex record (the Duke page shows no abstract), the proposed amendment "requires periodically asking voters whether a constitutional convention should be held." Proposes a mechanism; does not argue for holding a convention now. Also author of Unamendments (SSRN 2004).

Officer on CFAEF Forms 990 (2014-2018).

We the People: A History of the U.S. Constitution (Liveright, 2025): history of amendment and the stalled Article V process.

[HLS program 2026-10-03] Keynote address. Keynote. 'We the People: A History of the U.S. Constitution' (Liveright, 2025) takes Article V as its subject: what it means to live under one of the world's oldest and least-amended constitutions. Directs Amend, a public archive of proposed amendments.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Former U.S. Senator (SC) and Heritage Foundation president. Became senior advisor to CSG in June 2017 after leaving Heritage; founded the Conservative Partnership Institute.

Former senator who became a senior adviser to the Convention of States in June 2017.

[Lobbyist registries, checked 2026-10-03] [UT] Utah lobbyist-by-principal list: principal Convention of States Action, 10/04/2017-06/21/2018.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Filed opponent testimony on Ohio SJR 3 (136th GA, Convention of States application) at the June 17, 2025 Senate General Government hearing; no organization listed. His written testimony, offered as a constitutional attorney and lecturer, is "in strong opposition to SJR 3" and asks the committee to reject it.

Engineer and author of Delusional Democracy.

Director of the USTL Foundation (2024 990).

Named in a Sept. 29, 2014 Convention of States Project release as a member of its Legal Board of Reference, whose members endorsed the project by signing the Jefferson Statement. Then Henry Salvatori Professor of Law at Chapman University Fowler School of Law.

Legal activist with 24+ years of Article V involvement (per FOAVC).

Is a New Constitutional Convention a Good Idea? (Brennan Center, Aug. 10, 2023) says the runaway threat is real but asks whether it is wise to take the convention option off the table; urges protections first: convention rules set by Congress in advance, delegates apportioned by population or electoral votes, and Congress's role in calling the convention. Co-author of The People's Constitution (The New Press, 2021) with Codrington.

Aug 2023 Brennan piece: cautiously open to the Article V route only once those protections are in place.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Assessing the Benefits and Risks of Constitutional Conventions: Insights from America's State Constitutional Tradition, 77 Fla. L. Rev. 1283 (2025). Drawing on 250 state constitutional conventions, finds "The historical record provides little support for concerns about runaway conventions enacting measures unanticipated and unsupported by the public." Research on state conventions applied to the runaway-convention debate; no position on holding an Article V convention. Also author of State Constitutional Politics (Univ. of Chicago Press 2018).

Heritage Foundation vice president (Institute for Constitutional Government). His Feb. 19, 2016 Heritage report called a convention a high-risk, high-reward proposition; his Oct. 27, 2023 legal memo, Reconsidering the Wisdom of an Article V Convention of the States, says the runaway risk now appears minimal and the enterprise "downright enticing".

Co-author with Michael Rappaport of Our Supermajoritarian Constitution, 80 Tex. L. Rev. 703 (2002), a defense of supermajority rules including Article V's.

Conventional Wisdom: The Alternate Article V Mechanism for Proposing Amendments to the U.S. Constitution (Univ. of Georgia Press 2016) concludes states and Congress may limit a convention to one subject and a runaway is politically unlikely; also Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments (4th ed.); with Brannon Denning, The Relevance of Constitutional Amendments, 77 Tul. L. Rev. (2002).

Op-ed "Real political reform should go beyond campaign finance" (Los Angeles Times, Feb. 11, 2010) proposes amendments on third-party access, gerrymandering, open primaries, abolishing the electoral college and majority election of presidents, and says Article V lets the states call a convention limited to political reforms. Listed by Wikipedia among convention supporters.

Tinkering with the Constitution, 24 Yale L.J. 573 (1915): early report that states with a minority of population could block or ratify amendments.

Current national/organizing director of Wolf Pack (formerly Wolf-PAC).

[Lobbyist registries, checked 2026-10-03] [NE] Nebraska statement of activity (105th Legislature): "support" on LR268, a resolution applying to Congress for a convention to propose an amendment (campaign finance), for Wolf-PAC.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Former NH governor and U.S. Senator; former Senate Budget chair. Also listed as a director on the Form 990.

Is it time for a U.S. Article V Constitutional convention? A brief discussion about American constitutional reform procedure, 5 Revista de Investigações Constitucionais 249 (2018). Abstract: "This paper explores whether an Article V Constitutional Convention could be utilized to start the process to identify and unify critical legislative initiatives"; Part V discusses arguments for and against. No position taken in the abstract.

Quoted in 2017 coalition release: a convention call 'will become a Pandora's box'.

ALEC staff director for the federalism task force; authored ALEC's Feb 2016 statement reaffirming Article V support and testified on ALEC convention rules to Tennessee Senate Judiciary (Sept 11 2017).

Arizona Board of Regents member; Arizona Strategies CEO.

Limited record: this person is listed by public role only. Description, position code and funding details are not shown.

Rethinking Article V: Term Limits and the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Amendments, 103 Yale L.J. 1971 (1994): says the state convention campaign for popular election of Senators was unsuccessful and that barriers have rendered the national convention route "useless"; argues the 17th and 19th Amendments came through incremental state-level reform that pressed Congress, the path term-limits activists were following.

A More Perfect Constitution (Walker & Co., Oct. 2, 2007) proposes 23 changes and urges Congress and the states to convene a constitutional convention; includes a population-weighted Senate. Wikipedia reports he holds states can limit a convention's scope.

Quoted in coalition letters: a convention puts 'the whole Constitution up for grabs' (2011 symposium).

Issues Raised by Requesting Congress to Call a Constitutional Convention to Propose a Balanced Budget Amendment, Pac. L.J. (1979), testimony to the California Assembly Ways and Means Committee (Feb. 1, 1979) revised from a Jan. 1979 White House memo. Natelson groups him with scholars who concluded a convention could not be limited.

[HLS program 2026-10-03] Dinner fireside chat. Dinner fireside chat with Lessig. Author of 'American Constitutional Law'; co-founded ACS; first Senior Counselor for Access to Justice at DOJ (2010). The program bio does not state an Article V position.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Wrote "The Shortcut to Outlaw Abortion" (New York Review of Books, June 25, 1981) on the anti-abortion convention drive (19 states) and the Helms-Hyde Human Life Statute as a statutory shortcut.

Co-chaired the Conference on the Constitutional Convention at Harvard Law School (Sept. 24-25, 2011) with Tea Party Patriots co-founder Mark Meckler; argued for a convention to address the corruption of Congress by campaign money.

Harvard law professor and leading progressive convention advocate. Co-chaired the 2011 conference with Meckler and spoke on ALEC's June 23 2016 Capitol Hill Article V panel.

Began organizing for a national Article V convention in 2010; co-founded Fix Congress First! with Joe Trippi; Republic, Lost (2011) calls for a convention; co-chaired a Sept 24-25, 2011 Harvard conference on a constitutional convention with Tea Party Patriots' national coordinator; proposed delegates chosen by random proportional selection of citizens. He has supported Wolf-PAC.

[HLS program 2026-10-03] Co-host. Conference co-host; interviewer in the grassroots session; fireside chats with Sununu and Tribe. Essay 'Making an Article V Convention Safe for Democracy' pairs a convention with state citizen assemblies and delegate-binding rules. Founded Creative Commons and Equal Citizens; sought the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination.

Listed on the National Federalism Commission Board of Scholars (nfcommission.gov/board-of-scholars, fetched 2026-10-03).

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Founded the National Tax-Limitation Committee in 1975 with William F. Rickenbacker to pursue a constitutional federal spending limit; per Reason (1981), Milton Friedman took an active part in that effort. Listed as a director of Balanced Budget Now on its Forms 990 for fiscal years 2019-2023.

Joined June 2020.

The Liberty Amendments: Restoring the American Republic (2013) proposes eleven amendments (including term limits, a balanced budget/spending limit and state power to override federal law) to be proposed by a convention of states under Article V; Wikipedia reports he has supported Citizens for Self-Governance's convention effort.

Radio host and lawyer. His Aug 2013 book The Liberty Amendments proposed 11 amendments to be advanced through an Article V convention of the states. The Lundberg/Herrell caucus newsletter credited it with energizing legislators before the Dec 2013 Mount Vernon Assembly. COS cites him as a supporting scholar.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Attorney based in Texas; co-founded Tea Party Patriots (2009) and left in Feb 2012; founded CSG in Feb 2012; co-chaired the Sept 2011 Harvard Conference on the Constitutional Convention with Lawrence Lessig; interim CEO of Parler Feb-May 2021. Legislative witness against rescission resolutions (e.g., ND SCR 4003, Jan 22 2025). Also testified for Nebraska LR14 (2025 Convention of States re-application) and LB259 (faithful delegate act) on Feb 26, 2025 as president of Convention of States Action. Listed on the witness list "For" Texas HJR 98 (Convention of States application) before Texas House State Affairs, Mar 26, 2025.

[Lobbyist registries, checked 2026-10-03] [CO] Colorado registry: client COS Action from 2022-04-25 (FY 2021-22 to 2024-25); "Supporting" HJR22-1021 and "Article V of the U.S. Constitution" (2024, 2025). [NE] Nebraska statement of activity: "support" on LR6 (105th) and LR14 (107th) for COS Action. [MN] Minnesota CFB: lobbyist for COS Action (assoc. 7428), registered 9/23/2022, not terminated. [UT] Utah lobbyist-by-principal list: principal Convention of States Action, 01/22/2018-01/07/2020 and 07/08/2024-01/15/2026. [FL] Florida legislative lobbyist registration, principal Convention of States Action, 2024. [TN] Tennessee iLobby employer registration archive, Convention of States Action: registered 2016-01-26, withdrawn 2016-05-11. [AZ] Arizona SOS lobbyist system, principal page (PPB 107141): authorized lobbyist 4/17/2015-2/12/2018; active authorized lobbyist since 2/15/2024. [WY] Wyoming registered lobbyist list for 05/01/2026-04/30/2027: organization Convention of States Action. [OK] Oklahoma Ethics Commission Guardian lobbyist principal search: principal Convention of States Action, status "Non-Renewed"; the search result shows no registration years.

Combined from separate research notes; they may overlap or differ in date.

Listed as USTL board chair on termlimits.com.

Fifty Ways to Leave Your Lover: Using State Constitutions to Escape the Dead Hand of Article V, 83 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 183 (2026): because amending the federal Constitution "is nearly impossible," state constitutions moderate Article V's rigidity. Concerns Article V amendment difficulty, not the convention method; no position on holding a convention.